L-THEANINE
“The present study suggests that the use of l-theanine is an effective treatment for storm sensitivity in dogs. The use of l-theanine decreases the severity of the dog's global anxiety during storms, reduces the time it takes for the dog to return to baseline normal behavior after the storm ends, and diminishes the most commonly reported…”
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1558787815000568?via%3Dihub
“In the nutraceutical treated group (ND), serotonin, dopamine and β-endorphins concentration significantly increased from 7.67±1.01 ng/ml to 23.91±7.64 ng/ml, 1.05±0.49 to 2.35±0.76 ng/ml, 70.20±23.82 ng/ml to 317.0±124.1 ng/ml, respectively, for T0 to T1 (Fig 1a–c). In the same group, noradrenaline and cortisol significantly decreased from 2.57±0.52 ng/ml to 1.36±0.15 ng/ml, or 10.44±3.38 ng/ml to 5.86±1.95 ng/ml at T0 and T1, respectively (Fig 1d, e).”
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5284471/
Theanine can also reduce the global anxiety scores in storm-sensitive dogs, as reflected by reduced anxious behaviors (e.g., drooling, following people, pacing, panting, and hiding) and latency to return to a baseline behavioral state after the storm ends [128]. In addition, a study suggests that theanine is effective for reducing fearful behavior toward unfamiliar human beings in dogs [129]. The above research shows that dietary administration of appropriate theanine may serve as a promising strategy for relieving stress and improving anxious behaviors in dogs and cats.
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10045725/
GABA
“The present observation as a whole persuasively suggest that GABA administration once a day at dose of 30mg/kg body weigh is beneficial for enhancing the quality of life in aged dogs suffering from various behavioral signs.”
Source: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvms/67/10/67_10_1063/_pdf
“A significant depression in the urinary cortisol level was observed at 7 h after administration (P < 0.05). These results indicate that orally administrated GABA exerts calming effects on dogs as well as humans.”
Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23216545/
“Improvement in some of behavioral signs was notable without any observable adverse effects. Dogs administered with GABA tended to exhibit improvement in emotional states and signs may be caused by neurovegetable dysfunction, though effects on cognitive dysfunction syndrome were not always observed.”
Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16276066/
TRYPTOPHAN
“The administration of tryptophan supplements contributed to reducing stress and anxiety in the animals in the study, allowing greater availability for the escape, the game or exploration. These results are consistent with other studies carried out with the aim of achieving improvement in dogs living in shelters who suffer from anxiety and are treated with tryptophan supplementation.”
Source: Anzola B., Ibañez M., Morillas S., Benedetti R., Pérez J., Farìas D. The use of tryptophan in shelter dogs to treat stress-related anxiety disorders. Rev. Cient. Vet. 1: 26-32; 2013.
“Tryptophan, and ultimately the serotonergic system, has been shown to influence behaviors related to anxiety, stress, fear, and aggression in a number of mammalian subjects (12–15).”
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6168022/
“The rate of recovery to baseline behavior may prove to be more modifiable by Trp supplementation than the behavioral responses to the initial stressor or situation.”
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6168022/
VITAMINS & MINERALS
“Diets rich in vitamins and minerals may decrease anti-social behaviour in schoolchildren and supplementation of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids decreased anti-social behaviour, including violence, of young adult prisoners.”
Source: Schoenthaler, SJ & Bier, ID (2000) The effect of vitamin-mineral supplementation on juvenile delinquency among American schoolchildren: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med 6,
Gesch, CB, Hammond, SM, Hampson, SE, Eves, A & Crowder, MJ (2002) Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 181, 22–28.
NICOTINAMIDE
“There is a growing body of evidence that nicotinamide is implicated in neuronal differentiation and health, neuronal injury, and neurodegeneration in the CNS. Changes in nicotinamide levels have been linked with AD, PD, and HD, and nicotinamide treatment in animal models has shown amelioration of neurodegeneration and associated behavioural recovery. Equally, there is evidence of nicotinamide being used as a restorative agent in animal models of neuronal injury and ischaemia.”
Source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1178646918776658
